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Fig. 3. (A) Coordinate system for three-dimensional vector analysis of the forces generated by the cranial musculature of H. francisci. Directionality is defined with respect to the head of H. francisci using the `right-hand rule'. (B) Schematic diagram of the jaws of H. francisci indicating variables for mechanical lever-ratio analysis. A-B, resolved in-lever for jaw adduction; A-C, out-lever; B-D, resolved adductive muscle force vector; P0, maximum tetanic tension. CT-scan image used with permission of A. Summers.