Fig. 3. Metabolic rate of European shags during various activities. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured in air temperatures between 10 and 19°C. All measurements in water were made at water temperatures between 5 and 13°C. Values are grand means ± 1 S.D., which were established from individual bird means. N=3 birds for all activities except `preening', where N=1 bird. Asterisks indicate a significant difference from BMR.