Fig. 7. Model calculations of absolute shortening distance and relative force of segmented muscle. (A) Absolute segment shortening (cm) versus when initial muscle fiber length is held constant (1 cm). Results are shown for 10% fiber strain (0.1 cm muscle fiber shortening). (B) Relationship between and the relative force produced in the longitudinal direction during 10% muscle fiber shortening (force normalized to the =0 condition). In Appendix 3, we use shortening distance and force to calculate segment work, and we find that work is independent of muscle fiber angle and bulging condition.