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Fig. 3. Effect of the four segment bulging conditions on axial bending. Longitudinal strain and body curvature are drawn to scale. (A) Initial fiber angle of 25°. (B) If all of the bulging occurs in the dorsoventral direction such that {lambda}z=1, then 10% muscle fiber shortening leads to 19.2% shortening of the right side of the body and the greatest axial bending. (C) If dorsoventral and mediolateral bulging are equal, {lambda}y={lambda}z, then 10% muscle fiber shortening leads to 14.7% segment shortening. (D) If all the bulging occurs in the mediolateral direction, {lambda}y=1, then 10% muscle fiber shortening leads to 12.4% segment shortening. (E) If the dorsoventral height of the segment decreases by the same proportion as the segment shortens, {lambda}x={lambda}y, then 10% muscle fiber shortening leads to 10% segment shortening. Modified from Azizi et al. (2002).