Fig. 2. Effect of sampling frequency on apparent complexity of heart rate (fH) patterning in the adult moth of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. (A) Heart rate in the resting, intact adult moth at 20°C. Time marker in 10 s intervals (after Smits et al., 2000). (B–E) Effect of sampling frequency on the apparent heart rate pattern observed during a 1.5 min period. Note how in B and C the same low sample frequency can yield a heart rate of zero or alternatively a range from 20 to 70 beats min^–1. As sampling frequency increases, the apparent complexity of the observed pattern of heart rate increases. Note that the potential and kinetic complexity remain identical in each case – the change is merely an artifact of sampling frequency.