Fig. 3. Means (±2 S.E.M.) for (A,B) glycogen (expressed as glucosyl units), (C) free glucose and (D) lactate in livers of hatchling painted turtles. In A, C and D, values were adjusted by ANCOVA to the mean mass of 246 mg for the 61 livers examined in this study. Unadjusted means for hepatic glycogen are also presented (B) because these values reflect on the size of the carbohydrate reserve that was available to individual hatchlings. ANCOVA for liver glycogen, F_5,54=20.01, P<0.001; for free glucose, F_5,54=24.64, P<0.001; for lactate, F_5,54=41.59, P<0.001. ANOVA for unadjusted glycogen, F_5,55=8.89, P<0.001. Treatment 0 represents controls that were not exposed to subzero temperatures; treatment 1 represents animals exposed to –6°C for 10 days; treatment 2 represents animals exposed to –6°C for 20 days; treatment 3 represents animals exposed first to –6°C for 10 days and then to –3°C for another 10 days; treatment 4 represents animals exposed first to –6°C for 10 days and then to 0°C for another 10 days; treatment 5 represents animals exposed first to –6°C for 10 days and then to +3°C for another 10 days. Bars that share the same letter cannot be distinguished statistically at P=0.05.