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Fig. 3. Old and new examples of counteraction between urea and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). (A) Extent of refolding of denatured great white shark A4-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in physiological buffer with no osmolytes (control), 400 mmol l–1 urea, 200 mmol l–1 TMAO or combined urea:TMAO (2:1) (data from Yancey and Somero, 1979). (B) Free energy ({Delta}G) of unfolding of E. coli tRNAfmet in physiological buffer with no osmolytes (control), 2 mol l–1 urea, 1 mol l–1 TMAO or combined urea:TMAO (2:1) (data from Gluick and Yadav, 2003).