Fig. 1. Synergistic effects between low molecular mass components and CSTX-1, CSTX-9, CSTX-13 or cupiennin 1a as measured in a Drosophila bioassay. (A) The mortality caused by CSTX-1 alone (filled bar) (5.99 µmol l^-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection (open bars) with taurine (0.07 mmol l^-1; n.s.), histamine (5.7 mmol l^-1; ^*P<0.01), or KCl (215 mmol l^-1; ^*P<0.01). (B) The mortality caused by CSTX-9 alone (143.14 µmol l^-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with taurine (0.07 mmol l^-1; n.s.), histamine (5.7 mmol l^-1; n.s.), or KCl (215 mmol l^-1; ^*P<0.01). (C) The mortality caused by CSTX-13 alone (239.4 µmol l^-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with taurine (0.07 mmol l^-1; n.s.), histamine (5.7 mmol l^-1; n.s.), or KCl (215 mmol l^-1; ^*P<0.01) (data from Wullschleger et al., 2004). (D) The mortality caused by cupiennin 1a alone (90 µmol l^-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with taurine (0.07 mmol l^-1; n.s.), histamine (5.7 mmol l^-1; n.s.) or KCl (215 mmol l^-1; n.s.). Taurine, histamine or KCl injected in physiological venom concentrations showed no toxic effect when administered alone as controls (not shown). All data with mean ±S.E.M. (N=30 groups); Fisher LSD test.