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Fig. 2. Total vascular resistance (TVR) in CON, left-atrial ligated (LAL) and right vitelline artery ligated (VAL) embryos at stages HH21 (P<0.01), HH24 (P<0.01) and HH27 (P=0.04) (A). VAL increased TVR at all stages. LAL caused an increase in TVR at HH24 that normalized by HH27. Fundamental impedance (Z1) in CON, LAL and VAL embryos at HH21 (P<0.01), HH24 (P<0.01) and HH27 (P<0.01) (B). VAL increased Z1 at all stages. LAL increased Z1 at HH21 only. Characteristic impedance (ZC) in CON, LAL and VAL embryos at HH21 (P=0.08), HH24 (P<0.01) and HH27 (P<0.01) (C). ZC increased after LAL and then normalized by HH24. ZC was unchanged in VAL embryos at HH21 but increased significantly at HH24 and HH27. Data are mean ± S.E.M. *P≤0.05, {dagger}P ≤0.1 experimental group versus CON.