Fig. 4. Scaling of velocity at end of take-off in 17 bird species including, in order of increasing body mass: rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus); zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata); dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis); house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus); diamond dove (Geopelia cuneata); American robin (Turdus migratorius); European starling (Sturnus vulgaris); western scrub jay (Aphelocoma californica); northern flicker (Colaptes auratus); ringed turtle-dove (Streptopelia risoria); European migratory quail (Coturnix coturnix); American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos); rock dove (Columba livia); black oystercatcher (Haematopus bachmani); ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus); herring gull (Larus argentatus); wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Regression lines from reduced-major axis regression of log-transformed data. (A) Species data, with open circle representing rufous hummingbird; y=0.25x–0.21, r=0.68. (B) Independent contrasts. Open circle represents contrast that includes rufous as daughter taxon; y=0.26x, r=0.65.