JEB -- Roberts et al. 207 (6): 993 Figure IG13

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Fig. 13. Flight muscle efficiency during normal ( ${eta}$ _norm; open symbol) and maximal hovering flight ( ${eta}$ _max; filled symbols) vs body mass (M_b) for Xylocopa varipuncta females. Assumed drag coefficient (C_D)=1 (bottom panel) and 3 (top panel). Model II regression for C_D=1: ${eta}$ _norm=–3.44+33.28M_b, r₂₁=0.59, P<0.005 (broken line); ${eta}$ _max=–6.76+33.12M_b, r₂₀=0.70, P<0.001 (solid line). Model II regression for C_D=3: ${eta}$ _norm=–48.34+123.23M_b, r₂₁=0.28, P=0.20; ${eta}$ _max=–53.73+117.15M_b, r₂₀=0.39, P=0.07.