Fig. 5. Limb–body axis coordination illustrating the similarity in limb–axis locomotor patterns among tetrapods and fishes. (A) Slow swimming in 5 dpf larval zebrafish (N=10) and (B) fast swimming (N=5), (C) running (N=16) and (D) walking (N=20) for the salamander Dicamptodon tenebrosus (modified from Ashley-Ross, 1994). Scale bar in A,B, 20 ms; C,D, 100% of step cycle; LF, left fore foot/fin; RF, right fore foot/fin. Standard errors are indicated. Black bars indicate fin/limb extension. Fin adduction is followed by a short refractory period (open bars) characterized by limb position indeterminably adjacent to body. Body bending, represented as a wave form, and limb extension continues until maximum axial curvature.