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Fig. 9. Neither the Pennycuick (one-way ANOVA; F4,24=2.58, P=0.07) nor Rayner (one-way ANOVA; F4,24=1.60, P=0.21) aerodynamic models predicted a significant increase in flight cost with increasing extent of wing loading when calculated using all the measured parameters for these birds. Values are means ± S.E.M. Control, pre-manipulation.