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Fig. 7. Mean up- (A) and downstroke (B) duration in relation to added payload mass. Upstroke duration was always significantly higher than downstroke duration (asterisks; P<0.05). When masses were added, both wing upstroke and wing downstroke significantly decreased as wing loading increased (one-way ANOVA; upstroke F5,85=7.22, P<0.001; downstroke F5,85=6.56, P<0.001). Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=70 flights across 5 individuals). Control, pre-manipulation.