Fig. 4. Antennal projection responses (APRs) and learning performance of restrained
cockroaches during forward, simultaneous and backward conditioning procedures.
APRs during training (hatched bars) and testing (black bars) trials were
increased significantly in all three conditioning procedures compared with
pre-training (open bars) trials. APRs during training and testing in each
conditioning procedure were not statistically different and showed no
difference between forward and backward conditioning.