Fig. 2. Behavioral development affects Amvl brain expression and manganese levels. (A) qRT-PCR analysis of Amvl expression in individual brains of nurses and foragers from triple-cohort colonies (in which bees display age-appropriate behavior; nurses were 7 days old; foragers were >21 days old). (B) qRT-PCR analysis of Amvl expression in individual brains of nurses and foragers from single-cohort colonies (in which some bees display precocious behavior; nurses and foragers 7-9 days old). (C) Manganese levels in individual heads of nurses and foragers from a triple-cohort colony (ages as in A). (D) Manganese levels in individual heads of nurses and precocious foragers from a single-cohort colony (ages as in B). Graphs represent means ± S.E.M. (converted to the same arbitrary scale as the mean) from ANOVA-adjusted pooled data of four independent colonies. Different letters above bars represent groups that were significantly different by the ANOVA Bonferroni post hoc analysis (P<0.05). Numbers in bars represent sample size.