Fig. 7. Peak and mean lift coefficients during periods of steady translation at a constant angle of attack of 45° for the downstroke only plotted against log₁₀ Re. In general, lift coefficients increase with increasing Re. Filled symbols represent numerical data, and open symbols represent experimentally determined values reported in the literature. Open circles denote lift coefficients measured by Thom and Swart (1940) for a wing held at an angle of attack of 45° in a steady flow. Open diamonds represent lift coefficients measured by Dickinson and Götz (1993) averaged over a distance of seven chord lengths for a wing translated from rest.