Fig. 14. Lift coefficients as functions of time are plotted for five angles of attack for an Re of 8. For each simulation, the same angle of attack was used on the downstroke and upstroke. The angles of attack for the five simulations were 10°, 20°, 30°, 40° and 50°. The maximum translational velocity of the wing was 0.00375 m s^-1. During translation, lift coefficients increase with increasing angle of attack in the range of 10-40°, and lift coefficients for angles of attack of 40° and 50° are quite similar. Maximum lift forces occur during acceleration from rest at the beginning of each half stroke and during rotation at the end of the downstroke and beginning of the upstroke. Lift forces are larger during rotation at lower angles of attack because the distance over which the wing moves and its angular velocity are larger.