Fig. 3. Two-pitches model of the transverse flagellar wave. (A) 
0
(broken line) and (solid line) which alternate between
1 and 2. (B) cos (solid line) and
sin (broken line). indicates the phase of this wave and it
switches between 1 and 2.
1=0/2p is the equation for
when 0<0<2
, and
2=(0-2)/2(1-p) is the equation
for when 2p''0<2, where
p is the ratio of a half pitch corresponding to the remote part of
the antero-posterior axis of the cell to a wavelength and 0
is the minimum non-negative value for
2(ftt-s/
t)-2m,
where t, s, ft, t and m are
time, length along the circle where the transverse flagellum wave propagates,
the frequency and wavelength of the helical wave and a positive integer that
minimizes 0(s,t), respectively.