Fig. 2. Ventral view of the buccal region of a cleared and stained specimen of Phrynomantis bifasciatus. Left and right sides are nearly identical. Major cranial nerves are labeled on the left side and rami of the nerves that innervate the tongue and hyobranchial musculature are labeled on the right side. Branches of the trigeminal nerve (V) innervate the m. submentalis (1) and the m. intermandibularis (2). Branches of the hypoglossal nerve (XII) innervate the m. genioglossus dorsoventralis, longitudinalis and transversalis (3) and the m. hyoglossus (4). The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is dorsal to the hypoglossal nerve and innervates other hyobranchial musculature and the tongue pad. Numbers 1 and 3 are located at the approximate sites of nerve transection for denervation of the m. intermandibularis and m. genioglossus lateralis and dorsoventralis, respectively.