Fig. 1. Time course of variations in hemolymph osmolality in control (N=7-8) and eyestalkless (N=6-11) Astacus leptodactylus. Among the measurements taken from the beginning of the experiment, only values of control crayfish that had molted before 35 days are considered. All eyestalkless crayfish molted within 22-23 days of the start of the experiment and only six crayfish were still alive after 43 days. Each column represents the mean ± S.E.M. Different letters indicate statistical differences: a—b, P<0.01; a—c, P<0.001; b—c, P<0.05.