Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the cardiovascular system and central nervous system (CNS). The right and left sides of the CNS are reversed for the sake of illustrating convenience. Cardiac nerves are shown by bold lines. The cardioarterial valves are located at the junctions between the heart and each artery. ACN, anterior cardiac nerve; AG1-5, first—fifth abdominal ganglion; ALA, anterior lateral artery; AMA, anterior median artery; CA, cardioacceleratory nerve; CI&VI, combined nerve of cardioinhibitory nerve and valve inhibitory nerve; CG, cerebral ganglion; VE, valve excitatory nerve; LA1-5, first—fifth lateral artery; LCN1-5, first—fifth lateral cardiac nerve; SEG, suboesophageal ganglion; TG1-8, first—eighth thoracic ganglion. Modified from Tanaka et al. (1996).