Fig. 1. Behavioral parameters in pair encounters involving androgenic gland (AG)-implanted (IMP) and intact (NON) C. quadricarinatus females in different combinations: IMP–IMP (N=10), NON–NON (N=9), IMP–NON (N=8). (A) Latency from lifting the dividers to first interaction (white bars) and escalated fight (gray bars). The difference between the gray and white bars denotes the time lapse from the start of interaction to escalated fighting (the adjacent letters refer to this difference). (B) Duration of escalated fighting. (C) Frequency of crawling-over. Values are means ±S.E.M. Bars not sharing a letter are significantly different (Kruskal–Wallis test, P<0.05, followed by Mann–Whitney U-test, P<0.016).