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Fig. 1. The four long segments of a mammalian extremity. Forelimb: scapula, upper arm, lower arm and hand, linked to the proximal segment by scapular fulcrum, shoulder joint, elbow joint and wrist joint. Hindlimb: thigh, shank, foot and toes, linked to the proximal segment by hip joint, knee joint, ankle joint and metatarsophalangeal (intratarsal) joint.