Fig. 6. Polar histograms showing the distribution of head angle at the end of stage 1 (stage 1 angle) (A,B) and stage 2 (final escape angle) (C,D) respectively for larvae (A,C) (N=108) and adults (B,D) (N=51). The number of escapes within 10° intervals increases linearly. The data are standardized so that the salamander’s head is initially aligned at 0°, the stimulus is at 270° and all escapes begin in the clockwise direction. For each polar plot, all escapes from a given life stage are pooled. Stars represent mean values for each life stage and error bars are 95 % confidence intervals. The 95 % confidence intervals for the mean final escape angle of both larvae (C) and adults (D) overlap with 90°, indicating that neither is significantly different from 90°.