JEB -- Sun and Tang 205 (16): 2413 Figure IG14

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Fig. 14. The power coefficients for translation (C_P,t) and rotation (C_P,r) versus time during one cycle for three different values of the non-dimensional duration of wing rotation ${Delta}$ ${tau}$ _r. Symmetrical rotation; midstroke angle of attack ${alpha}$ _m was adjusted to make the mean lift equal to insect weight. ${tau}$ _c, non-dimensional period of one flapping cycle; ${tau}$ , non-dimensional time.