Fig. 4. Movements of the body during jumping. (A) A single frame at time -60ms is shown from the jump by a nymph starting at -108ms and ending at +60ms with take-off at 0ms (highlighted in black boxes) and with each frame separated by 4ms. The positions of four fixed points on the body are superimposed onto this frame: the tip of the abdomen (yellow), the joint between the metathorax and abdomen (dark blue), the joint between the meso- and metathorax (pink) and the position of the head (light blue). As the abdomen is thrust upwards and forwards, the insect rocks backwards. When the abdomen reaches the peak of its forward movement and reverses to move backwards, the body is accelerated forwards. The take-off trajectory is forwards and downwards. (B) Changes in the centre of mass of a male during a jump plotted in relation to the movements of the tip of the abdomen and the joint between the meso- and metathorax. The sequence lasts from -140 to +28ms, with take-off at 0ms. At -44ms, the middle legs are fully extended; at -16ms, both hind legs are fully extended. The scale is the same as in A.