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Fig. 1. Simplified model of thermal tolerance and eurythermal temperature adaptation in animals (modified after Pörtner, 2001a) considering (A) contributions to metabolic heat production () by oxygen consumption (O2) and anaerobic metabolism (anae). The model is based predominantly on data for water-breathers. Mechanisms shifting the respective tolerance thresholds include a change in overall mitochondrial functional capacity (B), which causes a shift in both lower (I) and upper (II) pejus temperature (Tp, the onset of a decrease in aerobic scope) and critical temperature (Tc, the onset of anaerobic metabolism). Reductions in oxygen demand and anaerobic heat production are expected to result from a decrease in mitochondrial densities and capacities during warming (indicated by arrows in A).