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Fig. 5. Effects of tachykinin-related peptides (TRPs) at four different concentrations on fluid secretion by isolated pharate adult M. sexta Malpighian tubules. (A) Effects of Locusta TK-1, (B) Leucophaea TRP-1 and (C) Leucophaea TRP-4. The TRPs were added at the time indicated by the vertical line. Values are means ± 1 S.E.M. (N=3). In each panel, control traces represent data from a single, separate trial.