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Fig. 1. Effects of serotonin and octopamine on fluid secretion by isolated pharate adult M. sexta Malpighian tubules. (A) Effects of serotonin at three different concentrations. (B) Effects of octopamine at three different concentrations. In this and all subsequent figures, fluid secretion data are normalized to the rate immediately prior to test substance application. Values are means ± 1 S.E.M. (N=5). Each control trace in A and B represents data from a single, separate trial.