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Fig. 3 . Typical voltage signals for a single run at high angle of attack {alpha} (A) and response of the vertical force transducer to the addition, and then removal, of 5, 10 and 20 g before (B) and after (C) filtering. In A, the top (green) line shows the tachometer trace, the middle (blue) line the torque signal and the bottom (red) line the vertical force signal. The wings were started after 10s. Vertical dotted lines identify five oscillations due to the lightly damped `mass-spring' system (i) inherent in the vertical transducer design, and one cycle due to a mass imbalance of the wings (ii) during a complete revolution.