Fig. 10. Representative results for several kinematic and aerodynamic variables obtained for two wingbeats of dove 2 flying at (A) 1 m s^-1, (B) 5 m s^-1, (C) 9 m s^-1 and (D) 17 m s^-1. Each plot shows (i) vertical (z direction) motions of the wrist and wing tip, (ii) distal and proximal effective wing lengths (b), (iii) distal and proximal incident airflow (W_t), (iv) distal and proximal wing angles of attack () and (v) distal and proximal circulation (). The y-axis and x-axis scales are the same for all speeds. Shading indicates downstroke periods, which were determined from the z-axis (vertical) wrist motion.