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Fig. 3. O2max, rate of oxygen delivery (arterial O2 content times cardiac output) and O2 extraction for elite athletes receiving supplemental blood as the mean hematocrit (Hct) is increased from 45.6 to 50.5%O2max and O2 delivery are shown relative to their control (not blood-doped) values. Oxygen extraction is depicted as the actual percentage O2 extraction. A 29% increase in O2 delivery to the muscles resulted in a 6.7% increase in O2max; hence, O2 extraction dropped from >90% to <75% (data from Spriet et al., 1986).