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Fig. 8. Longitudinal and shear stresses computed by the model at the midshaft of the humerus throughout the wingbeat cycle as a function of spanwise elastic modulus of the skin, Exx. (A) Longitudinal stresses on the cranial surface of the bone. (B) Longitudinal stresses on the dorsal surfaces of the bone. (C) Shear stresses on the dorsal surface of the bone.