Fig.7. Parameter maps of force coefficients as a function of flip start and flip duration. Each map was generated from a 9x11 array of kinematic patterns. For all experiments, the stroke amplitude and angle of attack were held constant (=180°, =45°), while flip duration and flip start were systematically varied. The data and interpolated values are plotted as in Fig.4 and Fig.5. Isolines of flip timing (given by equation 2) are indicated by the diagonal lines in each panel and correspond to the red labels on the right axis. The top panels (A,C,E) show the measured force coefficients, and the bottom panels (B,D,F) show values for the quasi-steady-state estimated coefficients. Axis labels given in A apply to all panels. (A,B) Measured and quasi-steady values for stroke-averaged mean lift coefficient. The pseudocolor scale for both panels is shown below the parameter map in B. (C,D) Measured and quasi-steady values for stroke-averaged mean drag coefficient. Note the large discrepancy between the estimated and measured values. (E,F) Measured and quasi-steady values for stroke-averaged mean lift-to-drag ratio. (G). Measured values for stroke-averaged mean net force coefficient. Note the strong similarity to the drag coefficient map.