Fig.5. Parameter maps of stroke-averaged lift coefficient, drag coefficient and lift-to-drag ratio as functions of angle of attack and stroke amplitude. The data are plotted as in Fig.4. Axis labels given in A apply to all panels. Pseudocolor scales apply to both figures in a given column. The top panels (A,C,E) show maps of values measured from the mechanical model, and the bottom panels (B,D,F) show the corresponding values calculated for a translational quasi-steady model using empirically measured force coefficients. (A,B) Measured and quasi-steady values for mean lift coefficient. (C,D) Measured and quasi-steady values for mean drag coefficient. The quasi-steady predictions grossly underestimate the drag coefficient. (E,F) Measured and quasi-steady values for mean lift-to-drag ratio.