Fig.10. The effects of wing kinematics on profile power and the lift-to-power ratio / . Procedures for plotting data are as described in Fig.4, Fig.7 and Fig.9. The pseudocolor scale for A and B is shown below B, and the scale for D and E is shown below E. (A) Profile power as a function of stroke amplitude and angle of attack. (B) Profile power as a function of flip start and flip duration. Flip timing is shown on the right axis. Profile power varies by a factor of 2 within the parameter space, indicating that flip kinematics are important determinants of flight cost. (C) Profile power as a function of stroke deviation for oval (blue) and figure-of-eight (red) patterns. Stroke deviation has only a minor effect on profile power. (D) The ratio of mean lift to mean profile power, /, as a function of stroke amplitude and angle of attack. Like the mean lift coefficient (Fig.5A), there is a single angle of attack that maximizes /, for each value of stroke amplitude. (E) The ratio of mean lift to mean profile power as a function of flip start, flip duration and flip timing. (F) The ratio of mean lift to mean profile power as a function of stroke deviation for oval (blue) and figure-of-eight (red) deviation.